All Breed Statistics
The following breed comparisons are based on averages for dogs in our database. Data is dynamic as the database is regularly updated. Breeds with over 100 dog results are highlighted in green because these results can be considered reliable. Results may change but will do so gradually and only as breeders change their breeding practices. Breeds with under 100 but over 50 are marked in yellow because these are conditional results. These may change with the addition of dogs, but current results may provide some important clues. Breeds with under 50 dog results are not yet considered reliable.
We actively seek more results! Contribute to your breed effort! Please submit your dogs' results today.
There are various methods of assessing homozygosity or inbreeding. We show Internal Relatedness (IR) and Homozygosity by Locus (HL) because they are weighted by allele frequency and widely used in many modern population genetics studies. Mouse over categories for more explanations.
| Breed | Number in Database | Observed Heterozygosity
Average heterozygosity in the breed |
Expected Heterozygosity
Expected heterozygosity in the breed |
Fixation Index
How inbred the breed is - inbred is over 0 and outbred is under 0. |
Average Alleles per Locus
Average number of versions of genes found |
Effective Alleles per Locus
Number of alleles with impact on diversity |
Average Internal Relatedness
A measure of how similar genes inherited from each parent are |
Average Homozygosity by Locus
A measure of inbreeding weighted by how common alleles are |
Average Percent Homozygous
Percent of all loci that are a matched pair | Akita - American | 69 | 0.592 | 0.608 | 0.012 | 6.73 | 2.95 | 0.04 | 0.37 | 40.8% | Akita - Blend | 46 | 0.626 | 0.601 | -0.060 | 7.76 | 2.73 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 37.4% | Akita - Japanese | 153 | 0.539 | 0.540 | -0.008 | 6.61 | 2.39 | 0.01 | 0.42 | 46.1% | Alaskan Klee Kai | 366 | 0.570 | 0.572 | 0.011 | 5.64 | 2.66 | 0.00 | 0.38 | 42.9% | American Eskimo - Miniature | 49 | 0.654 | 0.656 | -0.002 | 6.12 | 3.28 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 34.6% | American Eskimo - Standard | 60 | 0.533 | 0.564 | 0.074 | 5.64 | 2.57 | 0.05 | 0.42 | 46.7% | American Hairless Terrier | 60 | 0.671 | 0.672 | 0.000 | 7.61 | 3.48 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 32.9% | Barbet | 64 | 0.733 | 0.691 | -0.062 | 5.88 | 3.61 | -0.06 | 0.25 | 26.7% | Berger Picard | 147 | 0.436 | 0.439 | 0.052 | 3.91 | 1.99 | 0.01 | 0.48 | 56.4% | Bernese Mountain Dog | 154 | 0.578 | 0.577 | 0.005 | 5.97 | 2.64 | 0.00 | 0.39 | 42.3% | Biewer Terrier | 272 | 0.672 | 0.678 | 0.008 | 7.88 | 3.46 | 0.01 | 0.31 | 32.8% | Black Russian Terrier | 39 | 0.676 | 0.683 | 0.007 | 6.45 | 3.50 | 0.01 | 0.31 | 32.4% | Border Collie | 12 | 0.689 | 0.710 | 0.036 | 7.67 | 3.82 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 31.1% | Borzoi | 100 | 0.637 | 0.663 | 0.034 | 6.58 | 3.41 | 0.04 | 0.34 | 36.3% | Cardigan Welsh Corgi | 34 | 0.621 | 0.642 | 0.028 | 5.52 | 3.23 | 0.04 | 0.34 | 37.9% | Chinook | 11 | 0.507 | 0.483 | -0.043 | 3.76 | 2.21 | -0.06 | 0.43 | 49.3% | Doberman Pinscher | 1146 | 0.473 | 0.504 | 0.060 | 7.97 | 2.32 | 0.07 | 0.46 | 52.7% | English Mastiff | 6 | 0.657 | 0.589 | -0.037 | 3.73 | 2.85 | -0.11 | 0.27 | 34.3% | Flat-Coated Retriever | 764 | 0.554 | 0.560 | 0.006 | 6.00 | 2.60 | 0.01 | 0.39 | 44.6% | German Shepherd Dog | 7 | 0.567 | 0.636 | 0.109 | 5.73 | 3.09 | 0.11 | 0.41 | 43.3% | Giant Schnauzer | 267 | 0.623 | 0.654 | 0.064 | 7.48 | 3.52 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 37.7% | Golden Retriever | 133 | 0.682 | 0.687 | 0.007 | 8.45 | 3.42 | 0.02 | 0.31 | 32.1% | Great Dane | 1 | 0.758 | 0.677 | -0.089 | 6.48 | 3.50 | -0.14 | 0.20 | 24.2% | Greater Swiss Mountain Dog | 59 | 0.477 | 0.470 | 0.024 | 3.88 | 2.10 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 52.3% | Havana Silk Dog | 54 | 0.733 | 0.685 | -0.080 | 6.03 | 3.68 | -0.05 | 0.24 | 27.3% | Havanese | 617 | 0.730 | 0.748 | 0.024 | 9.45 | 4.48 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 27.0% | Irish Red & White Setter | 39 | 0.655 | 0.641 | -0.031 | 6.09 | 3.18 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 34.5% | Irish Setter | 8 | 0.716 | 0.571 | -0.394 | 4.82 | 2.63 | -0.11 | 0.28 | 28.4% | Irish Wolfhound | 77 | 0.513 | 0.519 | -0.002 | 3.97 | 2.37 | 0.02 | 0.43 | 48.7% | Italian Greyhound | 548 | 0.624 | 0.650 | 0.049 | 7.42 | 3.36 | 0.04 | 0.34 | 37.7% | Labrador Retriever | 163 | 0.625 | 0.697 | 0.107 | 7.48 | 3.56 | 0.07 | 0.34 | 35.5% | Lakeland Terrier | 6 | 0.601 | 0.571 | -0.079 | 4.55 | 2.55 | -0.07 | 0.36 | 39.9% | Llewellin Setter | 8 | 0.705 | 0.630 | -0.156 | 6.09 | 3.13 | -0.03 | 0.28 | 29.5% | Magyar Agar | 29 | 0.737 | 0.716 | -0.028 | 7.18 | 3.83 | -0.02 | 0.25 | 26.3% | Polish Lowland Sheepdog | 4 | 0.561 | 0.523 | 0.006 | 4.39 | 2.43 | -0.08 | 0.36 | 43.9% | Poodle - Miniature | 344 | 0.708 | 0.726 | 0.025 | 8.64 | 4.16 | 0.03 | 0.28 | 29.2% | Poodle - Standard | 4799 | 0.685 | 0.699 | 0.020 | 10.03 | 3.71 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 31.5% | Poodle - Toy | 208 | 0.724 | 0.733 | 0.011 | 8.85 | 4.16 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 27.5% | Rat Terrier | 25 | 0.753 | 0.761 | 0.007 | 7.82 | 4.60 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 24.7% | Saint Bernard | 89 | 0.621 | 0.626 | 0.007 | 5.61 | 3.17 | 0.01 | 0.33 | 37.9% | Scottish Collie | 126 | 0.610 | 0.603 | -0.015 | 7.00 | 2.95 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 39.0% | Shiba Inu | 145 | 0.669 | 0.665 | -0.002 | 7.18 | 3.45 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 33.1% | Shikoku | 112 | 0.529 | 0.526 | -0.018 | 4.70 | 2.40 | 0.00 | 0.41 | 47.2% | Shiloh Shepherd, ISSA | 259 | 0.580 | 0.557 | -0.054 | 6.18 | 2.66 | -0.03 | 0.37 | 42.1% | Swedish Vallhund | 511 | 0.565 | 0.570 | 0.013 | 5.03 | 2.59 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 43.6% | Whippet | 69 | 0.645 | 0.648 | 0.009 | 6.36 | 3.27 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 35.5% |
|---|
We can now use complex mathematical formulas to determine genetic relatedness, using just the identifying alleles in the UC Davis Genetic Diversity Test. Genetic relatedness is determined by the probabilities of animals inheriting the exact same alleles at the exact same loci. Those with more alleles that are the same - even infrequent ones - can be said to be genetically related. They could be related directly or indirectly, but they are genetically similar.
Likewise we can now identify dogs that are unrelated to others. Breeds should have many dogs that are unrelated to others so that if there is a problem, dogs can be selectively breed to lower risks for that problem. Some breeds have maybe unrelated dogs, and others have very few and are therefore at risk.
Alleles are versions of genes, and the alleles tracked by the UC Davis Genetic Diversity Test are identifiers. Alleles are either infrequent in a breed, at an average or median frequency or highly frequent in that breed. All breeds have a certain number that are highly frequent because that's part of what makes them a breed. However, when too many become highly frequent, the breed is at risk for loss of genetic health.
Dogs with more infrequent alleles tend to be less related to any possible bottlenecks or founder effects - situations where only a few dogs become unnaturally influential in a breed. Some breeds have known bottlenecks, and one way to correct these is to look for and breed for a higher Outlier Index in the breed. The lower the average OI in a breed, the more it is influenced by a small set of founders or a genetic bottleneck.
| Breed | Number in Database | Avg. Infrequent Alleles per Dog
Alleles at risk of being bred out of the population | Avg. Median Alleles per Dog
Alleles at balanced frequency | Avg. Highly Frequent Alleles
Alleles at risk of becoming too common | Avg. Outlier Index
A measure of influence from a genetic bottleneck | Akita - American | 69 | 9.4 | 8.4 | 48.2 | 0.34 | Akita - Blend | 46 | 10.9 | 5.0 | 50.1 | 0.30 | Akita - Japanese | 153 | 6.0 | 8.7 | 51.4 | 0.25 | Alaskan Klee Kai | 366 | 5.8 | 8.2 | 52.0 | 0.24 | American Eskimo - Miniature | 49 | 10.2 | 11.9 | 43.9 | 0.42 | American Eskimo - Standard | 60 | 8.0 | 8.9 | 49.1 | 0.31 | American Hairless Terrier | 60 | 9.9 | 8.0 | 48.1 | 0.34 | Barbet | 64 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 44.2 | 0.42 | Berger Picard | 147 | 8.9 | 11.3 | 45.8 | 0.37 | Bernese Mountain Dog | 154 | 10.8 | 5.9 | 49.3 | 0.31 | Biewer Terrier | 272 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 49.0 | 0.31 | Black Russian Terrier | 39 | 8.6 | 9.0 | 48.4 | 0.32 | Border Collie | 12 | 11.3 | 11.8 | 42.8 | 0.45 | Borzoi | 100 | 9.3 | 9.8 | 47.6 | 0.35 | Cardigan Welsh Corgi | 34 | 11.2 | 12.1 | 42.7 | 0.45 | Chinook | 11 | 10.5 | 9.0 | 46.5 | 0.37 | Doberman Pinscher | 1146 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 56.4 | 0.16 | English Mastiff | 6 | 13.0 | 15.5 | 37.5 | 0.61 | Flat-Coated Retriever | 764 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 51.5 | 0.25 | German Shepherd Dog | 7 | 7.9 | 11.1 | 47.0 | 0.34 | Giant Schnauzer | 267 | 6.5 | 8.6 | 50.9 | 0.26 | Golden Retriever | 133 | 7.9 | 6.3 | 51.8 | 0.25 | Great Dane | 1 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 49.0 | 0.30 | Greater Swiss Mountain Dog | 59 | 10.6 | 11.8 | 43.6 | 0.43 | Havana Silk Dog | 54 | 12.4 | 9.8 | 43.8 | 0.46 | Havanese | 617 | 8.1 | 11.5 | 46.4 | 0.36 | Irish Red & White Setter | 39 | 8.2 | 12.2 | 45.6 | 0.37 | Irish Setter | 8 | 19.6 | 9.3 | 37.1 | 0.68 | Irish Wolfhound | 77 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 47.2 | 0.35 | Italian Greyhound | 548 | 6.6 | 9.1 | 50.3 | 0.27 | Labrador Retriever | 163 | 6.9 | 11.8 | 45.3 | 0.35 | Lakeland Terrier | 6 | 6.8 | 11.5 | 47.7 | 0.32 | Llewellin Setter | 8 | 18.6 | 10.8 | 36.6 | 0.68 | Magyar Agar | 29 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 45.2 | 0.39 | Polish Lowland Sheepdog | 4 | 7.8 | 11.3 | 47.0 | 0.34 | Poodle - Miniature | 344 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 47.2 | 0.35 | Poodle - Standard | 4799 | 8.2 | 5.4 | 52.4 | 0.25 | Poodle - Toy | 208 | 9.7 | 7.9 | 48.4 | 0.33 | Rat Terrier | 25 | 12.1 | 10.3 | 43.6 | 0.44 | Saint Bernard | 89 | 9.3 | 12.8 | 43.9 | 0.41 | Scottish Collie | 126 | 8.4 | 6.5 | 51.1 | 0.27 | Shiba Inu | 145 | 9.6 | 10.3 | 46.2 | 0.37 | Shikoku | 112 | 8.5 | 9.6 | 47.9 | 0.33 | Shiloh Shepherd, ISSA | 259 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 51.5 | 0.26 | Swedish Vallhund | 511 | 8.3 | 13.6 | 44.2 | 0.40 | Whippet | 69 | 9.4 | 9.2 | 47.4 | 0.36 |
|---|
Another way to compare breeds is to look at ancestry averages. Dogs from unusual lines tend to have more unusual ancestry, calculated not allele by allele but locus by locus. When dogs have two parents that are unusual, they have more pairs of alleles with low frequency. When an unusual dog is bred to a highly typical dog, they have more pairs of alleles where one allele is highly frequent and the other is unusual. When breeds are well managed, and breeders select strongly for health while also breeding less related dogs, the breeds tend to have higher numbers of average frequency alleles. Where there have been recent or sustain outliers being bred to more typical dogs, there will be a higher 'admixed' percentage.
| Breed | Number in Database | Unusual Ancestry
Average percent of unusual genetics inherited from both parents | Average Ancestry
Average percent of well balanced genetics inherited from both parents | Typical Ancestry
Average percent of highly typical genetics inherited from both parents | Admixed Ancestry
Average percent of both highly common and unusual genetics inherited from both parents. | Akita - American | 69 | 6.2% | 4.0% | 70.2% | 19.6% | Akita - Blend | 46 | 7.2% | 0.9% | 71.1% | 20.8% | Akita - Japanese | 153 | 3.2% | 4.4% | 78.6% | 13.7% | Alaskan Klee Kai | 366 | 2.8% | 3.4% | 80.4% | 13.4% | American Eskimo - Miniature | 49 | 7.5% | 6.5% | 66.3% | 19.7% | American Eskimo - Standard | 60 | 4.6% | 5.1% | 73.5% | 16.8% | American Hairless Terrier | 60 | 5.8% | 3.1% | 69.7% | 21.5% | Barbet | 64 | 8.3% | 4.5% | 66.0% | 21.3% | Berger Picard | 147 | 4.7% | 10.4% | 65.4% | 19.6% | Bernese Mountain Dog | 154 | 6.1% | 2.2% | 68.2% | 23.5% | Biewer Terrier | 272 | 4.4% | 3.1% | 73.7% | 18.8% | Black Russian Terrier | 39 | 5.4% | 4.1% | 72.2% | 18.3% | Border Collie | 12 | 8.9% | 6.8% | 62.6% | 21.7% | Borzoi | 100 | 6.5% | 4.6% | 69.8% | 19.1% | Cardigan Welsh Corgi | 34 | 9.5% | 5.7% | 64.4% | 20.4% | Chinook | 11 | 4.1% | 6.9% | 62.5% | 26.4% | Doberman Pinscher | 1146 | 1.8% | 1.7% | 84.5% | 11.9% | English Mastiff | 6 | 8.1% | 14.2% | 50.0% | 27.8% | Flat-Coated Retriever | 764 | 3.4% | 3.3% | 78.1% | 15.2% | German Shepherd Dog | 7 | 4.8% | 8.2% | 71.0% | 16.0% | Giant Schnauzer | 267 | 3.5% | 4.3% | 78.0% | 14.1% | Golden Retriever | 133 | 3.8% | 2.6% | 75.2% | 18.3% | Great Dane | 1 | 9.1% | 3.0% | 69.7% | 18.2% | Greater Swiss Mountain Dog | 59 | 6.0% | 10.6% | 60.4% | 22.9% | Havana Silk Dog | 54 | 9.8% | 3.9% | 62.9% | 23.5% | Havanese | 617 | 6.0% | 5.0% | 72.6% | 16.4% | Irish Red & White Setter | 39 | 6.8% | 5.8% | 71.4% | 16.0% | Irish Setter | 8 | 13.3% | 7.2% | 41.7% | 37.9% | Irish Wolfhound | 77 | 5.6% | 6.1% | 68.9% | 19.5% | Italian Greyhound | 548 | 4.1% | 3.3% | 78.6% | 14.0% | Labrador Retriever | 163 | 5.8% | 5.6% | 74.8% | 13.9% | Lakeland Terrier | 6 | 5.1% | 4.1% | 76.3% | 14.7% | Llewellin Setter | 8 | 14.8% | 6.5% | 47.4% | 31.4% | Magyar Agar | 29 | 6.3% | 4.7% | 65.1% | 23.9% | Polish Lowland Sheepdog | 4 | 2.3% | 7.6% | 69.7% | 20.5% | Poodle - Miniature | 344 | 6.4% | 3.9% | 70.3% | 19.3% | Poodle - Standard | 4799 | 4.1% | 1.9% | 75.4% | 18.6% | Poodle - Toy | 208 | 6.3% | 2.9% | 70.6% | 20.2% | Rat Terrier | 25 | 8.4% | 4.5% | 63.3% | 23.9% | Saint Bernard | 89 | 7.6% | 8.3% | 66.0% | 18.2% | Scottish Collie | 126 | 4.0% | 2.4% | 74.4% | 19.2% | Shiba Inu | 145 | 7.1% | 4.3% | 69.5% | 19.1% | Shikoku | 112 | 4.8% | 6.3% | 70.0% | 18.9% | Shiloh Shepherd, ISSA | 259 | 3.6% | 2.7% | 77.3% | 16.4% | Swedish Vallhund | 511 | 7.5% | 6.3% | 70.6% | 15.5% | Whippet | 69 | 5.9% | 3.6% | 70.8% | 19.7% |
|---|